Employees who are fired in violation of an employment contract, for discriminatory reasons, or for exercising certain legal rights may have a wrongful termination claim. In California (as in other states), most employees work at will, which means they can be fired at any time, with or without notice. However, California has created a number of illegal reasons for termination, which are off limits for employers.
If you have a contract that promises you continued employment for a certain length of time, or that limits your employer’s ability to fire you (for example, only for “good cause” or other specific reasons), your employer must hold up its end of the deal. If your employer fires you in violation of the terms of the contract, you may have a strong claim against your employer.
An employment contract may be formed by a written or oral agreement. An employment contract may also be implied by certain actions or statements by your employer — for example, a statement in an employee handbook that says employees will be fired only for cause. If your employer breached a contract of any type, you can sue for wages, benefits, and anything else you should have received. You can also use the contract as a bargaining chip to negotiate a severance package with your employer.
Discrimination Claims
Employers may not make job decisions, including whether to fire an employee, based on certain protected characteristics. In California, these characteristics include race, color, national origin, religion, sex (including pregnancy), age, disability, genetic information, sexual orientation, gender identity, citizenship status, marital status, medical condition, political beliefs or activities, military or veteran status, or status as a victim of domestic violence, stalking, or assault.
If you were fired because of your membership in a protected class, you may have a strong wrongful termination case. If you win a discrimination lawsuit, your employer can be forced to pay not only your lost wages and benefits, but also your attorneys’ fees and court costs, damages for your emotional distress, and possibly punitive damages.
Retaliation Claims
The damages available for retaliation claims depend on which law you were exercising your right under. Typically, though, a successful employee can collect not only lost wages and benefits, but also attorneys’ fees, damages for emotional distress, and sometimes punitive damages.
Violation of Public Policy
Employees may not be fired for exercising a legal right, refusing to commit an illegal act, or complaining about workplace illegality. Public policy claims are similar to, but slightly different from retaliation claims. A retaliation claim is based on a specific legal provision in an employment law that prohibits employers from firing employees for exercising that right or filing a complaint about being denied that right.
A public policy claim, on the other hand, need not be based on an employment law or even a specific statute. Here are some examples:
- An employee belongs to a group that opposes mandatory childhood vaccines and lobbies lawmakers to allow parents to opt out of vaccinating their children. She is fired, even though she does this work entirely on her own time.
- An employee is fired after refusing his manager’s request to lie to an IRS auditor about the company’s equipment purchases in the past year.
- An employee at a company that manufactures airplane parts is fired for filing a complaint with the federal government, alleging that the company is illegally using after-market parts in its operations.
In each of these examples, the employee would have a wrongful termination claim, even though no law expressly states that an employer may not fire an employee for taking this particular action. The larger principle is that no one should be fired for exercising a legal right or protesting or refusing to participate in illegal or unethical behavior.
Wrongful termination in violation of public policy is a type of personal injury (tort) claim, which means a successful employee can collect not only lost wages and benefits, but also damages for emotional distress, and punitive damages (where an employer’s actions are particularly bad)
Other Personal Injury Claims
An employee may have other personal injury claims arising from the employment relationship. For example, an employee who was fired after being sexually harassed by a manager might have a claim for assault or battery (in addition to a harassment and retaliation claim). Or, an employee who is falsely accused of theft might have a claim for defamation, if the employer spreads that false information maliciously, in a way that harms the employee’s chances at getting another job. And, if your employer made big promises to get you to take the job, without intending to fulfill those promises, you might have a fraud claim. For any of these personal injury claims, you can ask the court to award lost wages and benefits, emotional distress damages, and punitive damages.